Virginia Unemployment Benefits 2026
⚠️Informational only — not legal or tax advice.
Last Updated: January 27, 2026
Last Reviewed: January 27, 2026
Applicable Period: 2026
Jurisdiction: State of Virginia, United States
Update Schedule: Quarterly reviews in 2026; annual reviews thereafter
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Overview
- Who Is Eligible for Unemployment Benefits
- Who Is Not Eligible for Unemployment Benefits
- How Unemployment Benefit Amounts Are Calculated
- Unemployment Benefit Payment Schedule
- How to File an Unemployment Claim
- Required Documents and Information for Filing
- Weekly Certification and Ongoing Eligibility Requirements
- What Happens After Filing a Claim
- Reasons an Unemployment Claim May Be Denied
- How to Appeal an Unemployment Decision
- Unemployment Fraud, Penalties, and Overpayments
- Taxation of Unemployment Benefits
- Special Unemployment Programs
- Compared to National Benchmarks
- Resources
- FAQ
Introduction
Unemployment benefits in Virginia provide temporary income replacement for eligible workers who lose employment through no fault of their own. The program is administered by the Virginia Employment Commission (VEC) and funded through employer taxes under state and federal law.
Program authority: Virginia Unemployment Compensation Act, Virginia Code Title 60.2
Administering agency: Virginia Employment Commission (VEC)
Official website: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/
This guide provides comprehensive information on Virginia unemployment benefits for 2026, including eligibility requirements, benefit amounts, filing procedures, weekly certification requirements, and appeal processes. All information is compiled from official government sources.
Sources: Virginia Code Title 60.2, VEC official guidance, U.S. Department of Labor
| Virginia Unemployment Benefits – 2026 Quick Reference | ||
|---|---|---|
| Category | 2026 Information | Official Source |
| Maximum Weekly Benefit | $430 | Va. Code § 60.2-602 |
| Minimum Weekly Benefit | $60 | Va. Code § 60.2-602 |
| Standard Duration | 12–26 weeks (varies by wages) | Va. Code § 60.2-602 |
| Waiting Week Required | Yes | Va. Code § 60.2-612 |
| Filing Portal | Customer Self Service (via ID.me) | https://www.vec.virginia.gov/ |
| Certification Frequency | Weekly | 16 VAC 5-60-10 |
| Work Search Required | 2 contacts per week | Va. Code § 60.2-612 |
| Appeal Deadline | 30 days from mailing | Va. Code § 60.2-619 |
| Payment Methods | Direct deposit, Way2Go debit card | VEC official guidance |
| Tax Withholding Available | Federal: Yes (10%) / State: Yes | VEC official guidance |
ℹ️ Key Unemployment Insurance Terms
Common terms used throughout this guide:
Claimant - Individual filing for unemployment benefits
Base Period - First four of the last five completed calendar quarters before filing
Benefit Year - 52-week period beginning when claim is filed
Weekly Benefit Amount (WBA) - Amount payable each week if eligible
Maximum Benefit Amount (MBA) - Total benefits available during benefit year
Monetary Determination - Decision on benefit amounts based on wage history
Non-Monetary Determination - Decision on eligibility based on separation reason and ongoing requirements
Deputy - VEC employee who adjudicates claims and makes eligibility determinations
Suitable Work - Employment appropriate for claimant's skills, experience, and labor market
Overpayment - Benefits paid that claimant was not entitled to receive
Waiting Week - First week of unemployment for which benefits are not paid
Source: VEC Claimant Handbook terminology guide
Overview of Unemployment Benefits in Virginia
Program Purpose
Unemployment insurance in Virginia provides temporary income replacement for workers who become unemployed through no fault of their own. The program operates as a federal-state partnership, with Virginia administering benefits according to state law while meeting federal requirements.
Legal framework:
- State law: Virginia Unemployment Compensation Act, Virginia Code Title 60.2
- Federal law: Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), 26 U.S.C. § 3301
- Funding: Employer payroll taxes (no employee contribution required)
Source: Va. Code Title 60.2; FUTA at https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title26-section3301
Administering Agency
Virginia Employment Commission (VEC)
Virginia’s unemployment insurance program is administered by the Virginia Employment Commission.
Contact information:
- Website: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/
- Claims filing portal: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/unemployment (via ID.me authentication)
- Customer Contact Center: (866) 832-2363
- TTY/TDD: 711 or (800) 828-1140 (Virginia Relay)
- Hours: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM – 4:30 PM (closed state holidays)
- Automated claim information line: (800) 897-5630 (available 6 AM – 6 PM, 7 days/week)
- Mailing address: Virginia Employment Commission, P.O. Box 26441, Richmond, VA 23261
Source: VEC official website
Who Is Eligible for Unemployment Benefits in Virginia
Employment Status Requirements
To qualify for unemployment benefits in Virginia, individuals must have worked in covered employment during the base period.
Covered employment definition:
Covered employment means any service performed for wages under a contract of hire for an employer subject to the Virginia Unemployment Compensation Act. Covered employment generally includes most private sector jobs, government positions, and nonprofit organizations with sufficient employee counts.
Excluded categories:
- Independent contractors (unless misclassified)
- Self-employed individuals
- Elected officials performing official duties
- Students working for educational institution where enrolled and regularly attending classes
- Real estate agents and insurance agents working on commission
- Services for certain religious and nonprofit organizations (meeting specific criteria)
- Domestic workers in private homes below statutory threshold
- Certain agricultural workers (meeting specific criteria)
- Federal civilian employees (covered under separate federal program)
- Military personnel (covered under separate federal program)
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-212 through § 60.2-218 (employment definitions and exclusions)
Official text: https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title60.2/
Earnings and Work History Requirements
Base Period Definition:
The base period in Virginia is the first four of the last five completed calendar quarters before filing the claim.
Example: Claim filed in January 2026
- Regular base period: October 2024 – September 2025
- Alternative base period (if standard fails): January 2025 – December 2025
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-209
Minimum Monetary Requirements:
To qualify monetarily for benefits in Virginia, claimants must meet the following wage requirements:
Virginia uses a unique benefit table system that determines eligibility and benefit amounts based on wages earned in the highest two quarters of the base period. Claimants must have earned at least $3,000 in two quarters of the base period while in covered employment. The specific minimum amount required in the highest two quarters depends on the benefit level, with the lowest threshold being $3,000 total in the two highest quarters.
Additionally, wages must be earned in not less than two quarters of the base period.
Alternative base period:
Virginia allows use of an alternative base period if the standard base period fails to establish monetary eligibility. The alternative base period consists of the last four completed calendar quarters at the time the claim is filed, rather than the first four of the last five quarters.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-612 (monetary eligibility requirements)
VEC benefit information: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/benefits-eligibility
Separation From Employment Requirements
Qualifying separations (eligible for benefits):
The following types of job separation qualify for unemployment benefits in Virginia:
- Layoff due to lack of work
- Business closure or downsizing
- Position elimination
- Reduction in hours
- Temporary layoff with indefinite recall
- Discharge not due to misconduct
Disqualifying separations:
Benefits are denied if unemployment results from certain circumstances:
1. Voluntary quit without good cause
Definition: Leaving employment voluntarily without work-related reason considered “good cause” under Virginia law.
Disqualification period: Benefits denied until claimant has returned to work and earned wages equal to at least ten times the weekly benefit amount, and subsequently becomes unemployed through no fault of their own.
Good cause exceptions:
Virginia recognizes limited circumstances as “good cause” for voluntary separation, including:
- Leaving to accompany military spouse to new duty assignment (meeting specific criteria in statute)
- Leaving due to workplace safety concerns documented as violations
- Certain medical conditions documented by healthcare provider
Virginia law specifically states that good cause does not include:
- Voluntarily leaving work to become self-employed
- Voluntarily leaving work to accompany or join spouse in new locality (except military spouse under specific conditions)
2. Discharge for misconduct
Definition: Under Virginia law, misconduct connected with employment includes actions by the employee showing deliberate disregard of the employer’s interests, deliberate violation of employer rules, or disregard of standards of behavior the employer has a right to expect.
Disqualification period: Benefits denied until claimant has returned to work and earned wages equal to at least ten times the weekly benefit amount, and subsequently becomes unemployed through no fault of their own.
3. Refusal of suitable work
Definition: Declining job offer or referral meeting definition of “suitable work” without good cause.
Disqualification period: Benefits denied starting with the first day of the week in which refusal occurred.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-618 (disqualification provisions); Va. Code § 60.2-600.1 (good cause definition)
Official text: https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title60.2/chapter6/section60.2-618/
Who Is Not Eligible for Unemployment Benefits in Virginia
The following categories of workers are generally not covered by Virginia’s unemployment insurance program:
Categorical exclusions:
1. Self-employed individuals
Individuals working for themselves are not covered under Virginia’s unemployment insurance system.
2. Independent contractors
Workers classified as independent contractors rather than employees are not covered. Virginia law presumes that if someone performs a service and is paid, they are an employee unless the employer proves statutory exclusion. Misclassified workers may appeal their classification.
3. Students at educational institutions
Students employed by educational institutions where they are enrolled and regularly attending classes are excluded from coverage.
4. Federal civilian employees
Covered under Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) program, not state unemployment insurance.
UCFE information: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/unemployment-insurance
5. Military personnel
Covered under Unemployment Compensation for Ex-Servicemembers (UCX) program.
UCX information: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/unemployment-insurance
6. Elected officials
Services performed by elected officials in the course of official duties are excluded.
7. Real estate and insurance agents
Services performed as real estate agents or insurance agents working solely on commission basis are generally excluded.
8. Certain religious and nonprofit organization employees
Services for certain religious, charitable, educational, and other nonprofit organizations meeting specific criteria under Section 501(c)(3) of Internal Revenue Code and employing fewer than four individuals for 20 weeks in the calendar year.
9. Domestic workers below threshold
Services in private homes not meeting minimum wage threshold requirements.
10. Certain agricultural workers
Agricultural labor meeting specific exclusion criteria under Virginia law.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-212 through § 60.2-218 (excluded services)
Federal programs: 5 U.S.C. § 8501 (UCFE); 5 U.S.C. § 8521 (UCX)
How Unemployment Benefit Amounts Are Calculated in Virginia
Weekly Benefit Amount (WBA)
Calculation methodology:
Virginia uses a unique benefit table system to calculate the weekly benefit amount. The WBA is determined by the total wages earned in the two highest quarters of the base period.
For claims effective January 4, 2026 and after:
Virginia Code § 60.2-602 contains the Benefit Table (Division C) that determines both the weekly benefit amount and the number of weeks of benefits available. The table lists:
- Column A: Total wages in highest two quarters
- Column B: Weekly benefit amount
- Column C: Number of weeks of benefits
The weekly benefit amount appearing in Column B corresponds to the wages shown in Column A for the claimant’s highest two quarters.
For 2026:
- Minimum WBA: $60
- Maximum WBA: $430 (increased from $378 for claims before January 4, 2026)
Example calculation:
If a claimant earned $18,000 in their two highest quarters combined, they would locate this amount in Column A of the Benefit Table, and the corresponding amount in Column B would show their weekly benefit amount. The benefit table increases incrementally based on higher earnings.
Partial unemployment:
Claimants working part-time may receive reduced benefits. Virginia allows earnings up to $100 per week before benefit reduction (this is called the “income disregard”). For each dollar earned above $100, benefits are reduced by one dollar.
Calculation: If WBA is $300 and claimant earns $200 in a week:
- Income disregard: $100
- Amount subject to reduction: $200 – $100 = $100
- Weekly benefit payment: $300 – $100 = $200
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-602 (benefit calculation and table); Va. Code § 60.2-603 (partial unemployment earnings disregard)
Benefit table: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/sites/default/files/bentable.pdf
Last updated: January 2026
Maximum Benefit Amount and Duration
Benefit duration:
Unlike most states that provide a standard 26 weeks of benefits, Virginia’s benefit duration varies based on wages earned. The Benefit Table in Virginia Code § 60.2-602 determines the number of weeks available based on highest quarter wages.
Duration range: 12 to 26 weeks, depending on wages in highest quarter
Claimants with higher base period wages may receive benefits for up to 26 weeks, while those with lower qualifying wages may receive benefits for as few as 12 weeks. The specific number of weeks appears in Column C of the Benefit Table corresponding to the claimant’s wage level.
Maximum total benefits (2026):
The maximum benefit amount is the weekly benefit amount multiplied by the number of weeks available. For a claimant receiving the maximum WBA of $430 for 26 weeks: $430 × 26 = $11,180.
Waiting week:
Virginia requires a one-week waiting period. The first week of unemployment for which the claimant is otherwise eligible is not compensable. Only one waiting week is required per benefit year.
Waiting week waiver: The waiting week requirement is waived for individuals whose unemployment was caused by their employer terminating operations, closing business, or declaring bankruptcy without paying final wages as required by Virginia Code § 40.1-29.
Benefit year:
Benefits are payable for up to the number of weeks shown in the benefit table within a 52-week benefit year beginning the Sunday of the week the claim is filed.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-602 (duration); Va. Code § 60.2-612 (waiting week)
Extended Benefits (EB) Program
Extended Benefits availability:
Additional weeks of benefits may be available when Virginia’s unemployment rate triggers the federal-state Extended Benefits program. EB provides up to 13 additional weeks of benefits (or 20 weeks in some circumstances) when specific unemployment rate thresholds are met.
Trigger requirements:
Extended Benefits activate when Virginia’s:
- Insured Unemployment Rate (IUR) exceeds 5% and is 120% of the average for the prior two years, OR
- Total Unemployment Rate (TUR) exceeds 6.5% and is 110% of the average for the prior two years
Current EB status: Inactive as of January 2026
Status verification: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/
Federal EB information: https://oui.doleta.gov/unemploy/eb.asp
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-610 (Extended Benefits); EUCA § 202
Dependents Allowance
Virginia does not provide dependent allowances for unemployment benefits.
Source: Virginia statutes reviewed; no dependent allowance provisions found
Unemployment Benefit Payment Schedule in Virginia
| Payment Process and Timeline | ||
|---|---|---|
| Phase | Timeframe | Details |
| Weekly Certification Window | Weekly, by Saturday | File certification for previous week online or by phone |
| Initial Claim Processing | 1–2 weeks | VEC reviews claim for monetary and non-monetary eligibility |
| Monetary Determination | Within 7–10 days | Statement of wages and potential benefit entitlement issued |
| Non-Monetary Determination | Variable (if needed) | Investigation of eligibility issues if separation reason requires review |
| Payment Authorization | 2–3 business days after certification | Payment approved after weekly claim processed |
| Direct Deposit | 2–3 business days | Funds available in bank account |
| Way2Go Debit Card | 2–3 business days | Funds loaded to unemployment debit card |
| Total Timeline | Within 21 days of filing | Typical time from initial claim to first payment (if no issues) |
Waiting week impact:
Virginia requires a one-week waiting period. The first week of unemployment is not compensable, meaning the first payment received is for the second week of unemployment. For example, if filing in Week 1, no payment is made for Week 1 (waiting week), and the first payment is for Week 2 after filing the weekly claim for Week 2.
Payment timing:
The VEC states that claimants are generally paid within 21 days of filing for benefits. However, some claims may require additional time for eligibility review, particularly if non-monetary issues exist regarding separation from employment or ongoing eligibility requirements.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-612 (waiting week); VEC Benefits Information
Payment information: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/benefits-information
How to File an Unemployment Claim in Virginia
When to File
Virginia law requires filing for unemployment insurance benefits within the same week of becoming unemployed. When filing an initial claim, Virginia does not allow backdating the start date of the claim. The benefit effective date is determined by the week of filing.
Source: VEC filing guidance
Official website: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/unemployment
Online Filing (Primary Method)
Filing portal: Customer Self Service (secured with ID.me authentication)
URL: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/unemployment
Availability: 24 hours a day, 7 days a week
ID.me authentication:
Virginia requires identity verification through ID.me, a trusted service used by many government agencies to securely verify identity digitally. This verification helps prevent fraud and ensures that claimants are who they claim to be.
Step-by-step filing process:
- Access Customer Self Service – Visit VEC website and click green ID.me button
- Create ID.me account or log in – New users create account with email; returning users log in
- Verify identity – Provide government-issued ID (driver’s license or state ID) and complete identity verification process
- Register for work – Registration with Virginia Workforce Connection occurs simultaneously with claim filing
- Enter personal information – Name, address, contact information, Social Security number, citizenship status
- Provide employment history – List all employers during past 18 months with:
- Employer name and full address
- Employer phone number
- Employment dates (start and end)
- Last day worked
- Reason for separation from each employer
- Weekly hours worked
- Rate of pay
- Select payment method – Choose direct deposit (provide bank routing and account numbers) or Way2Go prepaid debit card
- Answer eligibility questions – Questions about ability and availability to work, any disqualifying issues
- Submit claim – Review all information and submit application
Security lockout:
If incorrect login information is entered multiple times, a security lockout may occur. Wait 30 minutes before attempting to log in again.
Processing: Claims are typically processed, and monetary determination issued within 7-10 days of filing. Non-monetary determinations may take longer if separation issues require investigation.
Source: VEC Benefits Roadmap; VEC How to Apply
Official guide: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/unemployed/benefits-roadmap
Tutorial and instructions: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/how-to-apply
Phone Filing
Virginia generally requires all initial unemployment claims to be filed online through Customer Self Service. Phone service is available only for questions, assistance, and filing weekly certifications for those unable to file online.
Customer Contact Center: (866) 832-2363
Hours: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM – 4:30 PM (closed state holidays)
TTY: 711 or (800) 828-1140 (Virginia Relay)
Phone lines may experience high call volumes. Online filing through Customer Self Service is the fastest and most efficient method.
Automated claim information: (800) 897-5630 (available 6 AM – 6 PM, 7 days/week)
Source: VEC contact information
Required Documents and Information for Filing
Personal identification:
- Social Security number
- Driver’s license or state-issued identification card
- Date of birth
- Current mailing address
- Contact information (phone number and email address)
- Citizenship or work authorization status
Employment documentation:
- Last employer information: complete name, address, phone number
- Dates of employment with last employer (start date and last day worked)
- Reason for separation from employment
- Separation notice if available: layoff letter, termination notice, furlough notice
- All employers worked for in last 18 months with dates and addresses
Banking information (for direct deposit option):
- Bank name
- Bank routing number (9 digits)
- Account number
- Account type (checking or savings)
Additional documentation (if applicable):
- Alien registration number (non-U.S. citizens with work authorization)
- DD Form 214 (veterans separated from military service)
- SF-8 or SF-50 (federal civilian employees)
- Union membership information and local number (if applicable)
Document submission:
Most supporting documents can be uploaded through Customer Self Service portal after filing the initial claim if requested by VEC. The VEC may request additional documentation during claim processing.
Source: VEC filing requirements; VEC Claimant Handbook
Document information: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/how-to-apply
Weekly Certification and Ongoing Eligibility Requirements
Certification Process
Certification frequency: Weekly
Filing window: Must file by Saturday for previous week
Method: Online through Customer Self Service (preferred), by phone for those unable to file online
Claimants must file a weekly certification (also called a weekly claim or continued claim) for each week they wish to receive benefits. The weekly certification confirms continuing eligibility and reports any work and earnings during the week.
First weekly claim deadline: Must be filed within 21 days of the day the initial application was filed.
Subsequent weekly claims: Must be filed within 21 days after the week ending date of the last week claimed.
Certification questions:
Each weekly certification requires answering questions about the previous week:
- Were you able to work?
- Were you available for work?
- Did you look for work?
- How many work search contacts did you make?
- Did you refuse any job offers or referrals?
- Did you work or earn any money? (If yes, report gross earnings)
- Were you attending school or training?
- Were you too sick or injured to work?
Late filing: Weekly certifications filed late (after 21 days) may result in delayed benefits or denial for the weeks claimed late. File certifications on time each week.
Source: 16 VAC 5-60-10 (weekly claim filing requirements); Va. Code § 60.2-612
Certification instructions: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/benefits-information
Work Search Requirements
Required work search activities:
Virginia requires claimants to actively seek work. Each claimant must make at least two employer contacts per week as part of the work search requirement.
Qualifying work search activities:
The following activities count as valid employer contacts:
- Submitting job application to potential employer
- Attending job interview
- Attending job fair or recruitment event
- Networking with potential employers or professional contacts
- Contacting employment agencies
- Responding to job postings
- Taking employment-related assessments or tests
- Attending Virginia Career Works workshops or services
Documentation required:
For each work search activity, claimants must maintain records including:
- Employer name and address
- Contact method (online application, in-person, phone, etc.)
- Date of contact
- Type of contact or activity
- Position sought or discussed
- Contact person name (if applicable)
- Result or outcome
The VEC maintains work search record forms to help claimants track their activities. Claimants must submit work search contacts to VEC as follows:
Online filers: Submit through Customer Self Service portal each week when filing weekly claim
Phone filers: Submit basic information by phone when filing weekly claim, then detailed written information every four weeks using Work Search Record form provided by VEC
Verification: Work search activities are subject to employer verification by the VEC through random audits. Failure to conduct or document work search may result in benefit denial.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-612 (work search requirements); VEC work search information
Work search requirements: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/benefits-information
Work Search Exemptions
The following claimants are exempt from work search requirements:
1. Temporary layoff with definite recall date
Claimants temporarily laid off with a definite recall date within 10 weeks are exempt from work search requirements. The employer must provide written notice of the definite recall date.
2. Union hiring hall members
Claimants whose customary means of obtaining work is through contact with a single hiring hall that makes contacts with multiple employers on behalf of the claimant meet the work search requirement by contacting the hiring hall alone. The VEC recognizes this as valid when it represents the customary method of soliciting work in the occupation.
3. Approved training program participants
Claimants enrolled in VEC-approved training may have modified or waived work search requirements. Training must be approved in advance by the VEC.
4. Labor market areas with limited job opportunities
In labor market areas where job opportunities are limited, the VEC may determine that registration with Virginia Workforce Connection constitutes a valid employer contact and satisfies the work search requirement.
5. Specific waiver circumstances
Work search requirements may be adjusted when the total unemployment rate in an area reaches 15% or more, with requirements waived for all claimants residing in that area.
Exemption application: Claimants must request work search exemptions through the VEC. Exemptions require verification and approval.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-612; 16 VAC 5-60-20 (work search exemptions and adjustments)
Virginia Workforce Connection Registration Requirement
Registration deadline: Within 10 days of filing initial unemployment claim
All claimants must register for work with Virginia Workforce Connection within 10 days of filing their initial claim for unemployment benefits. Failure to register may result in delayed or denied benefits.
Registration portal: https://www.vawc.virginia.gov/
Registration requirements:
- Create account on Virginia Workforce Connection website
- Complete profile information
- Upload or create resume
- Set job search preferences
- Activate account
Exemptions: Claimants attached to union hiring halls or meeting other specific criteria may be notified of exemption to register.
Source: VEC Benefits Roadmap; Virginia Workforce Connection requirements
Registration portal: https://www.vawc.virginia.gov/
Ability and Availability Requirements
Able to work: Claimants must be physically and mentally able to work during each week claimed. Medical conditions affecting ability to work must be reported to VEC.
Available for work: Claimants must be available to accept suitable work if offered. Availability restrictions must be reported.
Availability factors:
- Willing to accept suitable work
- Available during normal working hours for the occupation
- No unreasonable restrictions on hours, wages, or working conditions
- Transportation available to reach potential employment
- Childcare arrangements made or available
Remote work: While claimants may prefer telework or remote work, they must be ready and able to accept non-remote work to remain eligible.
Training and school attendance: Claimants may receive benefits if enrolled in training or school depending upon the course of study and required attendance each week. Approval must be requested in advance through the VEC.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-612 (ability and availability requirements)
Reporting Earnings
Reporting requirement: All earnings from any work must be reported for the week they are earned, not when paid.
Types of earnings to report:
- Wages from full-time or part-time employment
- Temporary or odd job income
- Self-employment income
- Tips and gratuities
- Bonuses
- Commissions
- Severance pay
- Vacation pay
- Holiday pay
- Payment in lieu of notice
- Any other compensation for services
Gross earnings: Report the gross amount earned (before taxes and deductions), not net take-home pay.
Failure to report: Not reporting earnings while claiming unemployment benefits will result in overpayment determination and may constitute fraud. Claimants must repay overpaid benefits and may face penalties.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-612; VEC Claimant Handbook
Reporting information: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/benefits-information
Pension and Retirement Income
Pension offset requirement:
Pensions, retirement pay, annuities, or similar payments from past work may reduce weekly unemployment benefits or result in complete ineligibility.
Pension deduction rules:
Retirement income will be deducted from the weekly benefit amount if paid by:
- The most recent employer of 30 days or 240 hours or more, OR
- Any employer in the base period of the claim
Deduction calculation: Pension payments are deducted dollar-for-dollar from the weekly benefit amount. If the weekly pension, retirement, or annuity equals or exceeds the weekly benefit amount, the claimant is ineligible for unemployment benefits for that week.
Lump sum payments: If receiving a lump sum from a retirement plan, it may be deducted in the week received.
Reporting requirement: Claimants must inform the VEC if receiving, applying for, or experiencing any changes in pension, retirement, annuity, or 401(k) payments.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-604 (pension offset); VEC Benefits Eligibility information
Official guidance: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/benefits-eligibility
What Happens After Filing a Claim
Claim Processing Steps
1. Initial claim received – VEC receives and begins processing the application
2. Employer notification – VEC sends separation information request to employer. Employer has specific timeframe to respond with information about employment and separation.
3. Monetary determination issued – VEC reviews base period wages and issues Statement of Wages and Potential Benefit Entitlement within 7-10 days after filing
4. Non-monetary determination (if needed) – If separation reason or other eligibility issues exist, VEC conducts fact-finding investigation. Deputy reviews information from claimant and employer.
5. First payment – If approved with no issues and after completing waiting week, payment issued for weeks certified
Monetary Determination
Statement of Wages and Potential Benefit Entitlement
This document shows:
- Base period wages by quarter and by employer
- Total wages in highest two quarters
- Weekly benefit amount (WBA)
- Number of weeks of benefits available
- Maximum benefit amount
- Benefit year beginning and ending dates
Wage verification: Claimants are responsible for verifying that all wages are correctly reported. If wages are listed incorrectly, missing, or if employers are listed that the claimant did not work for, follow instructions on the Statement for submitting proof of missing or incorrect wages.
Correcting wage information:
Contact VEC Customer Contact Center at (866) 832-2363 or upload wage documents through Customer Self Service portal. Acceptable proof includes:
- W-2 forms
- Pay stubs
- Tax returns
- Employer wage statements
Alternative base period: If standard base period wages do not qualify, VEC automatically considers the alternative base period (last four completed quarters) for monetary eligibility.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-607 (monetary determinations); VEC Benefits Eligibility
Official guidance: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/benefits-eligibility
Non-Monetary Determination
When issued:
Non-monetary determinations are issued when eligibility questions exist regarding:
- Reason for separation from employment
- Ability and availability for work
- Refusal of suitable work
- Work search compliance
- Other disqualifying issues
Deputy’s investigation process:
- Questionnaires sent – Both claimant and employer receive questionnaires requesting information about employment and separation
- Fact-finding interview – Deputy may schedule phone interview with claimant and/or employer to gather additional information
- Evidence review – Deputy reviews all submitted information, documentation, and statements
- Determination issued – Deputy makes eligibility decision based on facts and Virginia law
Deputy’s Decision:
The decision provides:
- Issue being decided
- Facts of the case
- Applicable law
- Decision (eligible or disqualified)
- Disqualification period if applicable
- Appeal rights and deadline
- Instructions for filing appeal
Timeline: Non-monetary determinations vary in processing time depending on complexity of issues and time needed to gather information from all parties. Some determinations are issued within days; complex cases may take several weeks.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-619 (Deputy determinations); VEC Appeals information
Appeals process: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/appeals
Typical Processing Timeline
Monetary determination: 7-10 days after filing claim
Non-monetary determination: Variable timeline if separation or eligibility issues exist. Can range from several days to several weeks depending on:
- Time required to contact claimant and employer
- Complexity of separation circumstances
- Documentation gathering
- Fact-finding interview scheduling
First payment: Within 21 days of filing if no eligibility issues exist and waiting week completed. Claims requiring non-monetary determinations may experience longer processing time.
Source: VEC processing information
Benefits Roadmap: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/unemployed/benefits-roadmap
Reasons an Unemployment Claim May Be Denied
Monetary Denial
Insufficient wages:
Claims are denied for failure to meet minimum monetary requirements when:
- Total wages in highest two quarters are below minimum threshold shown in Benefit Table Column A
- Wages earned in fewer than two quarters of base period
- Total base period wages insufficient to qualify under benefit calculation formula
- No wages in alternative base period if standard base period fails
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-612 (monetary eligibility requirements)
Non-Monetary Denial (Disqualifications)
1. Voluntary quit without good cause
Disqualification applies when claimant voluntarily left employment without good cause attributable to the work. Disqualification continues until the claimant returns to work, earns wages equal to at least ten times the weekly benefit amount, and subsequently becomes unemployed through no fault of their own.
2. Discharge for misconduct
Disqualification applies when claimant was discharged for misconduct connected with employment. Misconduct includes deliberate disregard of employer’s interests, deliberate violation of employer rules, or disregard of standards of behavior the employer has right to expect. Disqualification continues until the claimant returns to work, earns wages equal to at least ten times the weekly benefit amount, and subsequently becomes unemployed through no fault of their own.
3. Refusal of suitable work
Disqualification applies when claimant refuses suitable work without good cause. Suitable work is determined based on factors including previous work experience, physical and mental fitness, health and safety considerations, distance from home, and wage and hour conditions. Disqualification begins with first day of the week in which refusal occurred.
4. Failure to meet ability and availability requirements
Disqualification applies for any week claimant is not able to work or available for work. This includes weeks when claimant is:
- Too ill or injured to work
- On vacation or traveling
- Unable to accept work due to lack of transportation or childcare
- Imposing unreasonable restrictions on hours, wages, or conditions
5. Work search non-compliance
Benefits may be denied for weeks when claimant fails to actively seek work as required, does not make required number of employer contacts, or cannot provide documentation of work search activities.
6. Failure to register with Virginia Workforce Connection
Benefits may be delayed or denied if claimant does not register with Virginia Workforce Connection within 10 days of filing initial claim.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-618 (disqualification provisions); Va. Code § 60.2-612 (continuing eligibility requirements)
Administrative Denial
Administrative reasons for denial:
- Incomplete application or missing required information
- Failure to provide requested documentation
- Missed fact-finding interview without good cause
- Identity verification failure through ID.me
- Non-response to VEC requests for information within required timeframes
- Failure to attend scheduled appointments
Source: VEC administrative procedures
How to Appeal an Unemployment Decision in Virginia
Appeal Deadlines
Filing deadline: 30 days from the date the Deputy’s Decision was mailed
CRITICAL: Appeals must be filed within 30 days of the date the determination was mailed (shown on decision notice), NOT the date received. The final date to appeal is printed in bold in the upper right-hand corner of the Deputy’s Decision.
Calculation example: If determination mailed January 15, 2026, appeal deadline is February 14, 2026.
Postmark rule: For appeals sent by mail, the filing date is the date the appeal is postmarked by the United States Postal Service. For appeals sent online, by fax, or in person, the filing date is the date the VEC received the appeal.
Late appeals: The 30-day appeal period may be extended if good cause can be shown. Good cause may exist when circumstances beyond the control of the appealing party prevented timely filing of the appeal. Extensions require valid proof of circumstances.
Timing: Appeals are accepted until the deadline. Evidence can be submitted after filing the initial appeal, but the appeal itself is required within the 30-day deadline.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-619 (appeal procedures)
Appeal information: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/appeals
Appeal Filing Process
How to file appeal:
Online (fastest method): File through Customer Self Service portal
Portal: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/unemployment
Mail:
Virginia Employment Commission
Appeals Division
P.O. Box 26441
Richmond, VA 23261
Fax: (804) 786-8492
In-person: VEC field offices (locations on website)
Required information for appeal:
- Claimant name and Social Security number
- Deputy’s Decision being appealed (include document number shown on decision)
- Reason for disagreement with decision – explain why you believe the decision is incorrect
- Your signature and date
Appeal must be in writing: Appeals are submitted in writing and include the reasons for appealing the Deputy’s decision.
Notification of representation: If hiring an attorney or other representative, notify the VEC.
Confirmation: The VEC does not send automatic confirmation of appeal receipt. Check Customer Self Service account or call (866) 832-2363 to verify appeal was received.
Continue filing weekly claims: While appeal is pending, continue to file weekly claims. If the appeal is decided in your favor, benefits will be paid retroactively for weeks you were eligible and continued filing.
Source: VEC Appeals procedures; VEC Claimant Handbook
Appeals guide: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/appeals
First Level Appeal – Hearing Process
Notice of Hearing:
After appeal is filed, claimant receives Notice of Hearing mailed at least 10 days before scheduled hearing date. The notice includes:
- Date and time of hearing
- Hearing method (telephone, in-person, or video)
- Issues to be decided
- Names of parties involved
- Instructions for submitting evidence
- Hearing officer name
Hearing format:
- Type: Primarily conducted by telephone conference call
- Officer: Appeals Examiner (impartial hearing officer employed by VEC)
- Duration: Typically 30-60 minutes, depending on case complexity
- Recording: Hearing is recorded for appeal purposes
Evidence submission:
- Submit evidence before hearing when possible
- Upload documents through Customer Self Service
- Mail or fax documents to Appeals Division
- Provide copies to all parties (employer and VEC)
Hearing procedures:
- Appeals Examiner explains hearing process and issues
- All parties sworn in under oath
- Each party presents testimony and evidence
- Examiner asks questions of parties
- Cross-examination permitted
- Witnesses may testify if available
- Closing statements from each party
- Hearing concluded
Legal representation: Claimants have the right to legal representation. Notify VEC if represented by attorney or other representative.
Accommodations: For accommodations for individuals with disabilities, contact:
- Email: firstlevelappeals@vec.virginia.gov
- Phone: (804) 786-3020 or (800) 552-4500
Appeals Examiner Decision:
Written decision issued after hearing, typically within several weeks. Decision is mailed to claimant and all interested parties. The decision includes:
- Findings of fact
- Conclusions of law
- Decision (affirming, amending, or reversing Deputy’s decision)
- Reasoning and legal basis
- Appeal rights to Commission Level
Implementation: If decision is in claimant’s favor, allow up to 60 days for implementation. Contact Customer Contact Center at (866) 832-2363 if payment not received after 60 days.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-619 (appeals procedures); VEC Appeals information
Hearing guide: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/appeals
Commission Level Appeal (Second Level)
Filing deadline: 30 days from the date the Appeals Examiner’s decision was mailed
If disagreeing with the First Level Appeals Examiner’s decision, either party may appeal to Commission Level Appeals. This is the final agency appeal process before appealing to Circuit Court.
Filing method:
Appeals to Commission Level must be filed in writing explaining reasons for disagreement with Appeals Examiner’s decision.
Address:
Virginia Employment Commission
Commission Appeals
P.O. Box 26441
Richmond, VA 23261
Review type: Commission Level review is typically based on the record from the First Level hearing. New hearings are not automatically scheduled.
Hearing request: A hearing before the Commission must be requested in writing within 14 days from the date the Notice of Appeal was mailed to Commission Level.
Commission decision: The Commission reviews the record and issues written decision affirming, modifying, or reversing the Appeals Examiner’s decision.
Timeline: Commission Level decisions vary in timeframe depending on case complexity and review requirements.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-619 (Commission appeals); VEC Appeals FAQ
Commission appeals information: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/appeals
Judicial Appeal (Circuit Court)
Final appeal option:
After Commission Level decision becomes final, either party may appeal to Virginia Circuit Court.
Deadline: Appeals to Circuit Court must be filed within applicable timeframe established under Virginia law for judicial review of administrative decisions.
Jurisdiction: Appeals filed in Circuit Court of the jurisdiction where the claimant resides or where the claim was filed.
Legal representation: Judicial appeals involve complex legal procedures. Legal counsel is available through private attorneys or legal aid services.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-628 (judicial review)
Unemployment Fraud, Penalties, and Overpayments
Fraud Definition and Examples
Fraud defined:
Unemployment fraud occurs when a person knowingly makes a false statement or representation, or knowingly fails to disclose a material fact, with intent to obtain or increase benefit payments.
Common fraud examples:
- Failing to report work or earnings while certifying for benefits
- Providing false information about reason for job separation
- Claiming benefits while incarcerated
- Using another person’s identity to file claims
- Not reporting job offers or refusals
- Claiming to have made work search contacts when none were made
- Filing claims in multiple states simultaneously for the same weeks
- Allowing someone else to complete weekly certifications
- Reporting ability and availability for work when ill, traveling, or otherwise unable to work
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-632 (false statements to obtain benefits); VEC Claimant Handbook
Penalties for Fraud
Administrative penalties:
Claimants found to have committed fraud must repay benefits received AND face additional penalties:
1. Repayment: 100% of fraudulently obtained benefits must be repaid
2. Penalty assessment: 15% of the fraudulent overpayment amount (minimum federal requirement). Virginia Code § 60.2-636 requires penalty equal to 15% of the amount of payment to which the person was not entitled.
3. Disqualification: Claimants disqualified due to fraud under Virginia Code § 60.2-618(4) face disqualification from receiving benefits. The disqualification period varies based on the nature and extent of fraudulent acts.
4. Offset from future benefits: Overpayments are deducted from any future unemployment benefits payable.
5. Tax refund intercept: Federal and state tax refunds may be intercepted to recover overpayments.
Criminal penalties:
Unemployment fraud is a criminal offense in Virginia:
Classification: Class 1 misdemeanor under Virginia criminal law
Potential penalties for Class 1 misdemeanor:
- Jail time: Up to 12 months
- Fines: Up to $2,500
- Or both jail time and fines
Virginia Code § 60.2-637 requires VEC to notify claimants that making a false statement or representation knowing it to be false, or knowingly failing to disclose a material fact with intent to obtain or increase benefits, is punishable as a Class 1 misdemeanor.
Prosecution: Criminal prosecution is pursued through Virginia court system for cases meeting prosecution criteria.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-632 (criminal fraud provisions); Va. Code § 60.2-636 (penalty assessment); Va. Code § 60.2-618(4) (fraud disqualification)
Official text: https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title60.2/chapter6/
Fraud reporting:
Report suspected unemployment fraud:
- Online form: Fraud/Theft/Overpayment reporting form on VEC website
- Phone: Customer Contact Center (866) 832-2363
- Mail: Virginia Employment Commission, Attention: Benefit Payment Control, P.O. Box 27887, Richmond, VA 23261-7887
- Fax: (804) 692-0580
Source: VEC fraud reporting page
Report fraud: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/unemployed/resources/report-unemployment-insurance-fraud
Non-Fraud Overpayments
Overpayment without fraud:
Overpayments may occur without fraudulent intent due to:
- VEC processing error
- Delayed employer information changing eligibility determination
- Reversed determination on appeal
- Good faith mistake by claimant in reporting
- Administrative or technical errors
Repayment obligation:
Non-fraud overpayments must be repaid under Virginia Code § 60.2-633. Any person who has received any sum as benefits to which they were not entitled is liable to repay that sum to the VEC.
Repayment methods:
- Lump sum payment
- Installment payment plan (VEC provides installment agreement with overpayment determination)
- Offset from future unemployment benefits
- Federal tax refund intercept through Treasury Offset Program
- State tax refund intercept
- Civil action to recover overpayment if necessary
Overpayment waivers:
The VEC may waive requirement to repay overpayment after individual case review if:
- The overpayment was made without fault on the part of the individual, AND
- Requiring repayment would be contrary to equity and good conscience
“Without fault” determination considers whether claimant’s actions or failure to act caused the overpayment. Situations that may result in “without fault” finding include employer’s failure to adequately or timely respond to VEC requests for information.
“Contrary to equity and good conscience” means repayment of overpayment would deprive the individual of income needed for necessities including food, childcare, medicine, shelter, and other essential living expenses.
Waiver application: Claimants may request overpayment waiver by submitting waiver request form and supporting financial documentation to VEC.
Things that do not qualify for waiver:
- Overpayments resulting from fraud
- Overpayments when claimant was deemed ineligible after adjudication through VEC appeal process (unless employer failed to respond timely or adequately)
- Programming, technical, or system errors that caused overpayments
Collection limitations:
Virginia Code § 60.2-633 provides that when benefit overpayment is not caused by fraud, collection activities shall be suspended and the VEC shall discharge the overpayment as uncollectible at the earliest of:
- Five years from the last day of the benefit year in which overpayment was made
- Immediately upon death of the person
- Upon person’s discharge in bankruptcy occurring after overpayment determination
For fraud overpayments, collection efforts may continue for seven years or longer under certain circumstances.
Overpayments of $5 or less: Virginia may suspend recovery of benefit overpayments of $5 or less.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-633 (overpayment recovery and waivers); VEC overpayment information
Overpayment procedures: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/benefits-information
Taxation of Unemployment Benefits in Virginia
Federal Tax Treatment
Federal taxation:
Unemployment benefits are taxable income under federal law. The Internal Revenue Service treats unemployment compensation as ordinary income subject to federal income tax.
Claimants receive Form 1099-G by January 31 each year showing:
- Box 1: Total unemployment compensation paid during the year
- Box 4: Federal income tax withheld (if elected)
Federal withholding option:
Claimants may request federal income tax withholding at 10% of the weekly benefit amount. This withholding election can be made:
- When filing initial claim
- At any time during the benefit year through Customer Self Service
- By contacting Customer Contact Center
If not electing withholding, claimants remain responsible for paying federal income tax on unemployment benefits when filing annual tax return.
Source: 26 U.S.C. § 85 (unemployment compensation in gross income); IRS Publication 525
IRS unemployment information: https://www.irs.gov/individuals/employees/unemployment-compensation
State Tax Treatment
Virginia taxation:
Unemployment benefits are subject to Virginia state income tax. Virginia follows federal tax treatment of unemployment compensation as taxable income.
State withholding:
Claimants may request Virginia income tax withholding from unemployment benefits. State withholding can be elected separately from federal withholding through Customer Self Service or by contacting VEC.
Form 1099-G Box 11: Shows Virginia state tax withheld (if elected)
Source: Virginia Department of Taxation; unemployment benefits taxable under Virginia income tax law
Form 1099-G
Form 1099-G distribution:
The VEC issues Form 1099-G by January 31 each year to all individuals who received unemployment benefits during the previous calendar year.
Access methods:
- Mail: Sent to address on file with VEC
- Online: Available through Customer Self Service portal
- Phone: Request by calling Customer Contact Center (866) 832-2363
Address change notification:
If changing address, notify VEC by December 27 to ensure proper delivery of Form 1099-G. The 1099-G will be mailed to the address on file and will NOT be forwarded by postal service.
Incorrect Form 1099-G:
If Form 1099-G shows incorrect amounts or lists benefits not received (possible fraud):
- Contact VEC Customer Contact Center immediately: (866) 832-2363
- Report potential fraud: Complete fraud reporting form on VEC website
- Request corrected Form 1099-G before filing tax return
- Do not file tax return using incorrect 1099-G
Identity theft: If Form 1099-G received for benefits not claimed, this may indicate identity theft. Report immediately through VEC fraud reporting system and follow identity theft procedures.
Source: VEC tax information; VEC Claimant Handbook
1099-G information: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/benefits-information
Special Unemployment Programs in Virginia
Currently Active Programs (2026)
Virginia participates in several special unemployment programs beyond regular state unemployment insurance.
Extended Benefits (EB)
Program status (2026): Inactive
Extended Benefits provide additional weeks of unemployment compensation when Virginia’s unemployment rate meets federal trigger criteria.
Trigger requirements:
Extended Benefits activate when Virginia’s:
- Insured Unemployment Rate (IUR) exceeds 5% AND is 120% of the average for the prior two years, OR
- Total Unemployment Rate (TUR) exceeds 6.5% AND is 110% of the average for the prior two years
Additional weeks available: Up to 13 weeks (or up to 20 weeks under certain conditions)
Eligibility requirements for EB:
To receive Extended Benefits, claimants must:
- Be an “exhaustee” (received all regular benefits available)
- Meet all regular UI eligibility requirements
- Have at least 20 weeks of full-time insured employment during base period, or equivalent in insured wages (more than 40 times the weekly benefit amount)
Current status verification:
VEC website: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/
Federal EB information: https://oui.doleta.gov/unemploy/eb.asp
Last checked: January 27, 2026
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-610 (Extended Benefits provisions); EUCA § 202
Short-Time Compensation (SharedWork Virginia)
Program status: Virginia has Short-Time Compensation program provisions in statute
Virginia Code includes provisions for Short-Time Compensation (also known as work-sharing) that allows employers to reduce employee hours instead of layoffs, with employees receiving partial unemployment benefits.
Employer participation:
Employers may submit Short-Time Compensation plans that:
- Reduce normal weekly hours of work by at least 10% but not more than 60%
- Apply to specific affected unit of employees
- Maintain health and retirement benefits for participating employees
- Meet other requirements established in Virginia Code § 60.2-706 through § 60.2-710
Employee benefits:
Employees participating in approved Short-Time Compensation plan:
- Receive partial unemployment benefits proportional to hours reduced
- Maintain employment status
- Continue receiving employer-provided benefits
- Not subject to work search requirements while participating
Current program status: Contact VEC for current availability and employer application procedures.
Source: Va. Code § 60.2-706 through § 60.2-710 (Short-Time Compensation provisions)
VEC employer information: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/employers
Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA)
TAA program: Active (federal program)
Workers who lose jobs due to foreign trade may qualify for Trade Adjustment Assistance, which provides:
- Extended unemployment benefits beyond regular UI
- Job training funding
- Job search allowances
- Relocation allowances
Eligibility: Employer must be certified by U.S. Department of Labor as trade-affected. Workers receive notification of TAA petition filing and certification.
Virginia TAA services:
Virginia Workforce Connection provides TAA program services including:
- Career counseling
- Training program enrollment
- Benefit coordination
- Reemployment services
VEC TAA coordination: Contact VEC for information about TAA eligibility and services if separated from trade-affected employer.
Source: Trade Act of 1974, 19 U.S.C. § 2271 et seq.
DOL TAA information: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/tradeact
Virginia Career Works: https://www.vawc.virginia.gov/
Disaster Unemployment Assistance (DUA)
DUA availability: Available during federally declared disasters
Disaster Unemployment Assistance provides benefits to individuals who lost employment due to a major disaster and are not eligible for regular unemployment insurance.
Eligibility:
DUA is available to individuals who:
- Became unemployed as direct result of federally declared major disaster
- Are not eligible for regular unemployment benefits
- Meet DUA-specific requirements
Activation: DUA is activated only when President declares a major disaster. Benefits are available only in declared disaster areas.
Application: Apply through VEC when disasters are declared. Specific application procedures and deadlines are announced when DUA is activated.
Duration: Up to 26 weeks of DUA benefits
Source: Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. § 5177
FEMA DUA information: https://www.fema.gov/assistance/individual/program
Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE)
Federal civilian employees separated from federal service receive unemployment benefits through UCFE program rather than state unemployment insurance.
Virginia’s role: Virginia administers UCFE claims for federal workers whose federal employment was in Virginia.
Program details: Benefits calculated according to Virginia law but financed by federal government.
Source: 5 U.S.C. § 8501 et seq.
DOL UCFE information: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/unemployment-insurance
Unemployment Compensation for Ex-Servicemembers (UCX)
Military personnel separated from active duty receive unemployment benefits through UCX program.
Virginia’s role: Virginia administers UCX claims for ex-servicemembers whose military service was in Virginia.
Program details: Benefits calculated according to Virginia law but financed by federal government.
Source: 5 U.S.C. § 8521 et seq.
DOL UCX information: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/unemployment-insurance
Context: Virginia Compared to National Benchmarks
Virginia benefit levels in national context (2026):
- Maximum WBA: $430 (ranks in upper-middle range among 50 states)
- Duration: 12-26 weeks (below standard 26-week duration in most states; duration varies by wages earned)
- Unique features: Variable benefit duration based on base period wages; benefit table system determines both weekly amount and duration
National range:
- Highest maximum WBA: Massachusetts ($1,015)
- Lowest maximum WBA: Mississippi ($235)
- Most common duration: 26 weeks (flat)
Virginia’s benefit structure differs from most states by linking benefit duration to wage levels rather than providing standard 26 weeks. The 2026 increase in maximum weekly benefit amount from $378 to $430 represents significant improvement in benefit adequacy.
For comprehensive state-by-state comparisons:
U.S. DOL State UI Comparisons: https://oui.doleta.gov/unemploy/statelaws.asp
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Comparison of State UI Laws 2026; Va. Code § 60.2-602
Resources
Virginia unemployment resources:
Virginia Employment Commission (VEC)
Website: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/
Customer Contact Center: (866) 832-2363
Hours: Monday-Friday, 8:00 AM – 4:30 PM
TTY: 711 or (800) 828-1140 (Virginia Relay)
Online claims portal
Customer Self Service: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/unemployment
Automated claim information: (800) 897-5630 (6 AM – 6 PM, 7 days)
Appeals office
First Level Appeals: (804) 786-3020 or (800) 552-4500
Email: firstlevelappeals@vec.virginia.gov
Fraud reporting
Fraud hotline: (866) 832-2363
Fraud reporting page: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/unemployed/resources/report-unemployment-insurance-fraud
Fax: (804) 692-0580
Employer services
Employer Self Service: https://www.vec.virginia.gov/employers
Employer contact: (804) 786-1082
Virginia Workforce Connection
Registration portal: https://www.vawc.virginia.gov/
Job search and career resources
Federal resources:
U.S. Department of Labor
Federal UI oversight: https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/unemployment-insurance
State law comparisons: https://oui.doleta.gov/unemploy/statelaws.asp
CareerOneStop
Job search resources: https://www.careeronestop.org/
Internal Revenue Service
Tax information on unemployment: https://www.irs.gov/individuals/employees/unemployment-compensation
Source: Official government websites
Frequently Asked Questions: Virginia Unemployment Benefits 2026
What are unemployment benefits in Virginia?
Unemployment benefits in Virginia provide temporary financial assistance to eligible workers who become unemployed through no fault of their own. The program is administered by the Virginia Employment Commission and funded through employer taxes. Benefits provide partial wage replacement while claimants search for new employment.
How much can I receive in unemployment benefits in Virginia?
For claims filed on or after January 4, 2026, the weekly benefit amount ranges from a minimum of $60 to a maximum of $430 per week. The specific amount depends on wages earned during the base period. Virginia uses a benefit table that determines both the weekly amount and the number of weeks available based on highest two quarters’ earnings.
How long does it take to get unemployment benefits in Virginia?
Claimants are generally paid within 21 days of filing for benefits if there are no eligibility issues. However, some claims may require additional time for review, particularly if separation from employment requires investigation. A one-week waiting period applies, meaning the first payment is for the second week of unemployment.
Can I work part-time and still receive unemployment in Virginia?
Yes, claimants working part-time may receive reduced benefits. Virginia allows earnings up to $100 per week before benefit reduction. For each dollar earned above $100, the weekly benefit amount is reduced by one dollar. All earnings must be reported when filing weekly certifications, with gross earnings (before taxes) reported for the week work was performed.
What disqualifies you from unemployment in Virginia?
Common disqualifications include voluntarily quitting without good cause, discharge for misconduct, refusing suitable work without good cause, and failing to meet ability and availability requirements. Disqualifications typically continue until the claimant returns to work, earns wages equal to at least ten times the weekly benefit amount, and becomes unemployed again through no fault of their own.
How do I file for unemployment in Virginia?
File online through Customer Self Service at https://www.vec.virginia.gov/unemployment. The process requires ID.me identity verification, personal information, complete employment history for the past 18 months, and selection of payment method. File within the same week of becoming unemployed, as Virginia does not allow backdating of claims.
Are unemployment benefits taxable in Virginia?
Yes, unemployment benefits are taxable income for both federal and Virginia state income tax purposes. Claimants receive Form 1099-G by January 31 showing total benefits paid and any taxes withheld. Federal withholding at 10% and Virginia state withholding can be elected when filing the claim or at any time during the benefit year.
How do I appeal an unemployment denial in Virginia?
Appeals are filed online through Customer Self Service, by mail to VEC Appeals Division, or by fax to (804) 786-8492. The appeal includes reasons for disagreement with the decision. Weekly claims are continued while the appeal is pending.
Do I have to look for work while receiving unemployment in Virginia?
Yes, Virginia requires claimants to make at least two employer contacts per week as part of active work search. Work search activities must be documented and are subject to verification by VEC. Exemptions apply for temporary layoffs with definite recall date, union hiring hall members, and those in approved training programs.
What happens if I receive an overpayment?
Overpayments must be repaid to the VEC. Non-fraud overpayments may be eligible for waiver if the overpayment was without fault on the claimant’s part and repayment would cause hardship. Fraud overpayments require full repayment plus 15% penalty and may result in criminal prosecution. The VEC provides installment payment plans for overpayment repayment.
How do I register with Virginia Workforce Connection?
Register online at https://www.vawc.virginia.gov/ within 10 days of filing your initial unemployment claim. Create an account, complete your profile, upload or create a resume, and set job search preferences. Registration is required to maintain unemployment eligibility, with exemptions for union hiring hall members and certain other circumstances.
Can I attend school or training while receiving unemployment?
Claimants may receive benefits while enrolled in training or school depending on the course of study and required attendance. Training requires advance approval by the VEC. Approved training may modify or waive work search requirements. The VEC determines if training qualifies and how it affects eligibility.